A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations can be done by machines, especially computers. Programming languages can be used to create programs that control the behavior of the machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a means of human communication.
Many programming languages have some form of written specification of their syntax (form) and semantics (meaning). Some languages are defined by the specification document. For example, the C programming language defined by ISO standard. Other languages, like Perl, has a dominant implementation is used as a reference.
Programming languages that preceded the discovery of the earliest computers, and used to direct behavior such as jacquard weaving machines and player pianos. Thousands of different programming languages have been made, especially in the computer field, with many more being created every year. Most programming languages explain the calculation with the imperative style, ie, as a sequence of commands, although some languages, such as those that support functional programming or logic programming, use alternative forms of description.
A programming language is a notation for writing programs, the specification of the calculation or algorithm [1] Some, but not all, the authors limit the language of "long-term program" for the language that can express all possible algorithms .. [1] [2 Properties] is often considered to be important for what constitutes a programming language include:
* Functions and targets: A computer programming language is a [3 languages] who used to write computer programs, which involve a computer to do some kind of calculations [4] or algorithm and possibly control external devices such as printers, disk drives, robots, [for example PostScript programs are often created by other programs to control a computer printer or screen. In general, programming languages may explain the calculation in some, perhaps abstract, machine. It is generally accepted that a complete specification for a programming language includes an explanation, perhaps ideal, from a machine or processor for the language [6] In the context of the most practical, which involves computer programming language;. As a result, programming languages are usually defined and studied in this way. [7] programming languages differ from natural languages in natural language is only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines.
* ABSTRACT: Programming Language usually contains abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. Practical needs of the programming language that supports abstraction adequately expressed by the principle of abstraction; [8] This principle is sometimes formulated as a recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of abstraction. [9]
* Expressive Power: Theory of computation classifies languages according to the calculations they were able to express. All Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms. ANSI / ISO SQL and Charity are examples of languages that are not Turing complete, yet often called programming languages. [10] [11]
Markup languages such as XML, HTML or troff, which determines the structured data, is generally not considered as a programming language [12] [13] [14] Programming languages may, however, share with, if a semantic markup language syntax is defined computing .. XSLT, for example, is a Turing complete XML dialect [15] [16] [17] In addition,. LaTeX, which is mostly used for structuring documents, also contains a subset of Turing complete. [18] [19]
The term computer language is sometimes used interchangeably with the programming language [20]. However, the use of both terms vary between authors, including the precise scope of each. One describes the use of programming languages as part of a computer language [21] In this layer, the language used in computing that have different goals than expressing a generic computer program designated computer languages .. For example, a markup language that is sometimes referred to as a computer language to emphasize that they are not intended to be used for programming. [22] using other programming languages regarded as theoretical constructs for programming abstract machines, and computer languages as subsets thereof that is running on a physical computer, which has limited hardware resources. [23] John C. Reynolds stressed that the formal specification language just as much as the programming language is a language intended to be executed. He also argues that the textual and graphical input format even affecting the behavior of a computer is a programming language, although they generally are not Turing-complete, and states that ignorance of the concepts of programming languages is the reason many flaws in the secret code-code format.
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